Impact of Nutrition on Academic Performance of First-cycle Primary School Children in Amhara Region, Ethiopia: A Multicenter Cross-Sectional Study.

Abstract

Background: Primary school age is a critical period marked by rapid physical growth and significant mental development. While brain development is largely guided by genetic factors, it is also influenced by environmental elements such as nutrition. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of nutritional status on the academic performance of first-cycle primary school children in the North Shoa Zone, Amhara Region, Ethiopia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from January 21 to August 30, 2023, using a simple random sampling technique. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews using a structured questionnaire, as well as document reviews. Data entry was performed using Epi Data, and analysis was carried out using STATA version 14. Results were summarized using frequency tables and graphs. Binary logistic regression was used to identify variables associated with academic performance, and significant variables (p < 0.05) were further analyzed using multivariable logistic regression. Results: A total of 514 students participated in the study. Approximately 56% demonstrated good academic performance. Factors significantly associated with academic performance included maternal education level (AOR = 4.08, 95% CI: 1.60-10.40), regular breakfast consumption (AOR = 4.25, 95% CI: 2.16-8.37), body mass index (AOR = 4.12, 95% CI: 3.04-5.57), and dietary diversity score (AOR = 3.33, 95% CI: 1.99-5.57). Conclusions: The study revealed a relatively low level of academic performance among students in the study area. Maternal education, regular breakfast intake, healthy BMI, and higher dietary diversity were identified as key factors positively associated with academic achievement. Interventions aimed at improving child nutrition and parental education could enhance academic outcomes in this population.