Impact of multidisciplinary rehabilitation on quality of life in individuals with thyroid gland dysfunction: a systematic review

Abstract

Background: Dysfunctions of the thyroid gland, such as hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, autoimmune thyroiditis and conditions following thyroidectomy, can lead to impairments in several systems, impacting one's physical, mental and social health. Low quality of life (QoL) is a major consequence of long-term symptoms including exhaustion, cognitive decline, weak muscles and joints, changes in metabolism and problems with one's voice. There has not been enough synthesis of the multidisciplinary rehabilitative therapies that have developed as useful adjuncts, such as exercise, PT, electrotherapy, voice therapy, Baduanjin, OT and psychological interventions. Objective: The purpose of this study is to compare the QoL of persons with thyroid dysfunction before and after they participate in a multimodal rehabilitation program. Methods: Through December 2025, a comprehensive search was carried out in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, CINAHL and the Cochrane Library. Studies that evaluated rehabilitative therapies and reported QoL results were eligible. These studies might be randomised controlled trials, cohort studies, or quasi-experimental designs. To assess potential bias, randomized controlled trials (RCTs) used RoB 2, whereas non-randomized research used ROBINS-I. Methodological quality evaluation was carried out using PEDro and Downs & Black techniques. Results: Inclusion criteria were satisfied by fifteen studies with a total of 1,728 individuals. Physiotherapy, electrotherapy, voice therapy, Baduanjin, occupational therapy, psychiatric treatments, structured exercise programs and interdisciplinary programs were all part of the interventions. The most significant increases in global QoL were shown in interdisciplinary programs, whereby exercise improved physical function and weariness, voice therapy improved vocal outcomes after thyroidectomy, Baduanjin and psychological therapies increased emotional well-being and so on. Conclusion: Adults with thyroid dysfunction benefit from interdisciplinary therapy in many ways, including enhanced QoL, physical capability, vocal quality and emotional functioning. Protocol optimization and long-term result optimization require standardized, high-quality studies.