article · International Journal of Molecular Sciences
Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells are widely studied for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, yet the effect of the harvesting site on their differentiation potential has remained unclear. This laboratory study evaluated stem cells isolated from four different fat depots in male rats: inguinal, epididymal, peri-renal, and back subcutaneous tissues. While all harvested cells expressed standard mesenchymal stem cell markers and lacked haematopoietic markers, their ability to form specific tissue types varied considerably by anatomical origin. Cells taken from epididymal and inguinal depots demonstrated the strongest capacity to differentiate into bone and fat lineages, showing significant upregulation of key osteogenic genes. Conversely, cells derived from back subcutaneous fat showed the highest propensity for cartilage formation. These results establish that the anatomical depot chosen for stem cell harvesting directly influences lineage specialisation.
Stem cell therapies rely on cells successfully turning into specific tissues, such as bone or cartilage. This research reveals that where fat is collected from the body dictates how well the resulting stem cells perform in creating particular tissue types. Recognising this variation helps researchers select the most effective starting material for targeted regenerative medical treatments.
This research provides baseline guidance for developers and researchers designing cell-based therapies and tissue engineering protocols. By identifying which fat depots yield cells best suited for bone, fat, or cartilage repair, it informs protocol optimisation in pre-clinical settings. As an in vitro animal study, the findings represent early-stage research that requires further validation in human tissues before direct clinical or commercial use.
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Recently, substantial attention has been paid toward adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AdMSCs) as a potential therapy in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications. Rat AdMSCs (r-AdMSCs) are frequently utilized. However, the influence of the adipose depot site on the multilineage differentiation potential of the r-AdMSCs is still ambiguous. Hence, the main objective of this study was to explore the influence of the adipose tissue harvesting location on the ability of r-AdMSCs to express the stem-cell-related markers and pluripotency genes, as well as their differentiation capacity, for the first time. Herein, we have isolated r-AdMSCs from the inguinal, epididymal, peri-renal, and back subcutaneous fats. Cells were compared in terms of their phenotype, immunophenotype, and expression of pluripotency genes using RT-PCR. Additionally, we investigated their potential for multilineage (adipogenic, osteogenic, and chondrogenic) induction using special stains confirmed by the expression of the related genes using RT-qPCR. All cells could positively express stem cell marker CD 90 and CD 105 with no significant in-between differences. However, they did not express the hematopoietic markers as CD 34 and CD 45. All cells could be induced successfully. However, epididymal and inguinal cells presented the highest capacity for adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation (21.36-fold and 11.63-fold for OPN, 29.69-fold and 26.68-fold for BMP2, and 37.67-fold and 22.35-fold for BSP, respectively, in epididymal and inguinal cells (p < 0.0001)). On the contrary, the subcutaneous cells exhibited a superior potential for chondrogenesis over the other sites (8.9-fold for CHM1 and 5.93-fold for ACAN, (p < 0.0001)). In conclusion, the adipose tissue harvesting site could influence the differentiation capacity of the isolated AdMSCs. To enhance the results of their employment in various regenerative cell-based therapies, it is thus vital to take the collection site selection into consideration.
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DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087513
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