Identification and Characterisation of Schistosoma Species in Freshwaters in Bodo Community, Rivers State

Abstract

Identification and characterization of Schistosoma species in freshwater are crucial for understanding the transmission dynamics of schistosomiasis and implementing effective control measures. This study aimed to molecularly identify and characterize Schistosoma species in freshwater from four locations within the Bodo community, Rivers State, Nigeria. A total of 200 water samples were collected from Nuumu-Tekurun, Nuumu-Bari-aage, Bon-Sunday, and Nuumu-Kekpaban rivers, alongside structured questionnaires administered to 200 randomly selected participants to assess environmental and behavioral risk factors. Descriptive and chi-square analyses were performed using SPSS version 23. The results indicated that pipe-borne water was the primary supply for 69% of households. However, swimming (80%), typically occurring weekly for over 15 minutes, was the predominant water contact activity, with 82% of participants reporting urination or defecation in water bodies while swimming. The presence of snails (89%) and livestock (95%), particularly cattle (61%), was also noted near the rivers.The overall Schistosoma prevalence was found to be 18.5% (p<0.001), with Schistosoma japonicum (40.5%) being the most prevalent species, followed by S. mansoni (32.4%) and S. haematobium (27%) (p=0.598). Prevalence varied insignificantly across locations (p=0.483). Factors significantly influencing prevalence (p≤0.027) included using river/stream as the main water source, daily visits to water bodies, spending over 15 minutes in the river, and the presence of livestock and snails. In conclusion, the findings highlight the urgent need for targeted public health interventions to mitigate schistosomiasis transmission in the Bodo community. Recommendations include improving access to safe drinking water to reduce reliance on surface water, enhancing health education programs about schistosomiasis prevention, and implementing effective livestock management practices near water bodies to decrease contamination risks. These measures are essential for reducing the burden of schistosomiasis and improving the overall health of the community.