Hydrogen Supply Chains review: Toward optimization and resilience

Abstract

This study delivers an in-depth examination of the hydrogen supply chain (HSC), focusing on the optimization of its core components—production, storage, and distribution. It explores various strategies and technologies aimed at enhancing efficiency, reducing costs, and minimizing environmental impact, while also addressing growing concerns related to uncertainty and system resilience. Several methodological approaches are reviewed, including linear and nonlinear programming, techno-economic evaluations, and advanced artificial intelligence models, which are used to analyze trade-offs among cost, emissions, and reliability. The analysis covers different hydrogen production routes—gray, blue, and green—assessed through lifecycle cost analysis and sustainability indicators. Storage solutions such as compressed gas, cryogenic liquid hydrogen, and solid-state options are investigated alongside transportation methods like pipelines, trucking, and maritime shipping, with attention to scalability and infrastructure requirements. The paper also explores emerging trends in HSC development, emphasizing integration with circular economy principles, regional supply chain configuration, and the formulation of robust resilience metrics. Overall, this work provides a holistic perspective on the strategic planning and technological evolution necessary to build a sustainable and adaptive hydrogen supply network.