Hydrogen’s Role in Decarbonising the Global Energy Sector: An Insightful Perspective

Abstract

The intensifying climate problem requires substantial decarbonisation in the energy, industry, and transportation sectors, with hydrogen recognised as a crucial energy carrier. The increase in global energy consumption, driven by population growth and industrialisation, challenges the constraints of fossil fuel resources and their detrimental impact on CO2 levels. Hydrogen, noted for its high energy density and versatility in generating power from both fossil and renewable sources, acts as a crucial supplement to direct electrification. Currently, worldwide hydrogen production exceeds 100 million tonnes per year, predominantly in the form of “grey hydrogen,” which significantly contributes to CO2 emissions without the use of carbon capture systems. This analysis comprehensively assesses hydrogen’s contribution to decarbonisation, encompassing the entire value chain: production methods, storage options (compressed gas, liquid hydrogen, and complex hydrides), transportation techniques (pipelines, cars, rail, and ammonia carriers), and various uses. Key performance parameters indicate trade-offs concerning energy density, storage, production expenses, and transportation alternatives. Notwithstanding advancements in hydrogen technologies, obstacles persist, encompassing energy penalties, infrastructural requirements, and safety issues. This evaluation highlights the need for coordinated policies and investment to enhance hydrogen’s adaptability, ensuring alignment with direct electrification policies to achieve net-zero emissions by 2050.