Hybrid Participatory Urban Planning Tools for Inclusive and Sustainable Smart Urban Development

Abstract

ABSTRACT Participatory urban planning is essential for creating inclusive and sustainable cities by fostering meaningful community engagement in decision‐making. This study assesses and compares digital and non‐digital participatory planning tools and examines their contribution to inclusive sustainable development. It employs a comparative systematic review of peer‐reviewed studies based on PRISMA protocols. The findings demonstrate the effectiveness of key participatory tools, including visualization tools, communication platforms, collaborative methods, decision‐support systems, Artificial Intelligence (AI), and blockchain, across diverse spatial and socioeconomic contexts. Digital tools offer advantages in scalability, efficiency, and data‐driven decision‐making, particularly in highly connected urban environments, while non‐digital tools remain critical for trust‐building, inclusivity, and deeper engagement, especially in digitally excluded communities. Hybrid models emerge as the most effective approach for bridging accessibility gaps and improving participation quality. The study also identifies persistent challenges, including digital divides, tokenistic participation, and the limited adaptability of single‐method approaches. It calls for context‐sensitive hybrid frameworks that integrate the strengths of both approaches while leveraging emerging technologies such as AI, blockchain, and gamification. By enhancing inclusivity, transparency, and institutional trust, the findings support the achievement of SDG 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities). The study concludes with policy implications for urban planners, policymakers, and researchers seeking to design inclusive and participatory planning processes that support sustainable development goals.