article · Reviews in Fisheries Science & Aquaculture
The aquaculture industry has grown substantially, but this expansion has led to environmental issues, disease emergence, and lower productivity. To counter these problems, probiotics are being developed and applied to improve disease resistance, growth performance, feed efficiency, and the safety of aquatic products for human consumption. While many probiotics used are from terrestrial sources, host-associated probiotics, derived from the aquatic animal's environment or the host itself, are gaining recognition. These offer benefits such as enhanced growth, improved feed value, better digestion, inhibition of pathogenic microorganisms, and stronger immune responses. This review explores the application of host-associated probiotics in aquaculture, focusing on their immunomodulatory and growth-enhancing effects, and identifies areas for future research.
Sustainable aquaculture is vital for global food security, but faces significant challenges from disease and environmental impact. Probiotics, particularly those naturally associated with aquatic hosts, offer a biological approach to enhance animal health, growth, and feed efficiency, leading to more productive and environmentally sound farming practices.
Host-associated probiotics offer a biological solution for the aquaculture industry to improve the health and productivity of farmed aquatic animals. They could be formulated as feed supplements or water treatments to enhance growth, feed conversion, and disease resistance. This review synthesises existing knowledge, suggesting that while the concept is applied, further research is needed to optimise and expand their practical commercialisation.
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The aquaculture industry has dramatically developed during the last two decades. However, this development has, in some cases, resulted in environmental degradation, emergence of diseases, and low productivity. The need for improving disease resistance, growth performance, feed efficiency, and safe aquatic production for human consumption has stimulated development and applications of probiotics in aquaculture. Probiotics used in aquaculture include genera of Bacillus, Lactobacillus, Enterococcus, and Carnobacterium, and yeast. However, most of these probiotics are derived from terrestrial sources and not from the environment in which the aquatic animals live or the host animal. The use of “host-associated probiotics” has gained attention, as they offer an alternative strategy within aquaculture, which per se is dependent on the use of terrestrial microorganisms. The benefits of host-associated probiotics include improved growth performance, feed value, enzymatic contribution to digestion, inhibit adherence, and colonization of pathogenic microorganisms in the gastrointestinal tract, increase hematological parameters, and immune response. The present review addressed insight into the application of host-associated probiotics within aquaculture, with special focus on their immunomodulatory and growth enhancing effects. Furthermore, the current review address research gaps and issues that merit further investigations.
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DOI: 10.1080/23308249.2019.1643288
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