article · Animals
Respiratory disease in livestock presents a serious risk for spreading antimicrobial resistance between animals and humans. An evaluation of Gram-negative bacteria isolated from nasal and ocular swabs of sixty-nine diseased sheep and goats identified seventy-six isolates across fifty-nine animals. Laboratory testing revealed that over nine per cent of these bacterial isolates were multidrug-resistant, exhibiting marked resistance to beta-lactam and quinolone antibiotics. Phenotypic screening detected AmpC enzyme activity in nearly twelve per cent of isolates and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase production in over six per cent. Genetic analysis identified the beta-lactamase gene blaTEM most frequently, alongside blaSHV, blaCTX-M, and the plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance gene qnrS. Several resistance determinants were recorded in African animals for the first time. These findings show that small ruminants harbour resistant bacteria, underscoring the need for integrated health strategies.
Antimicrobial resistance threatens to reduce the effectiveness of vital medicines in both veterinary and human healthcare. Demonstrating high levels of resistance to common antibiotics such as beta-lactams and quinolones in sheep and goats reveals an active reservoir of dangerous pathogens. Understanding these transmission risks is critical for designing coordinated public health and agricultural policies that protect both livestock herds and surrounding human communities.
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During the last decade's increase of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in animals, animal-human transmission has become a major threat. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the genetic basis of AMR in Gram-negative bacteria recovered from sheep and goats with respiratory disease. Nasal and ocular swabs were collected from 69 diseased animals, and 76 Gram-negative bacterial isolates were identified from 59 animals. All isolates were checked phenotypically for resistance and genotypically for different resistance mechanisms, including β-lactam, quinolone, and aminoglycoside resistance. Our results demonstrated that 9.2% (95% CI 4.5-17.8%) of the isolates were multidrug-resistant, with high resistance rates to β-lactams and quinolones, and 11.8% (95% CI 6.4-21%) and 6.6% (95% CI 2.8-14.5%) of the isolates were phenotypically positive for AmpC and ESBL, respectively. Genotypically, <i>bla</i><sub>TEM</sub> was the most identified β-lactamase encoding gene in 29% (95% CI 20-40%) of the isolates, followed by <i>bla</i><sub>SHV</sub> (14.5%, 95% CI 8.3-24.1%) and <i>bla</i><sub>CTX-M</sub> (4%, 95% CI 1.4-11%). Furthermore, 7.9% (95% CI 3.7-16.2%) of the isolates harbored plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance gene <i>qnrS</i>. Our study revealed for the first time to our knowledge high β-lactam and quinolone resistance associated with the bacteria recovered from sheep and one goat with respiratory disease. Furthermore, different antimicrobial resistant determinants were identified for the first time from animals in Africa, such as <i>bla</i><sub>LEN-13/55</sub>, <i>bla</i><sub>TEM-176</sub> and <i>bla</i><sub>TEM-198/214</sub>. This study highlights the potential role of sheep and goats in disseminating AMR determinants and/or resistant bacteria to humans. The study regenerates interest for the development of a One Health approach to combat this formidable problem.
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DOI: 10.3390/ani11082258
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