review · Antibiotics
Helicobacter pylori infects approximately half of the global population, posing significant public health challenges. The bacterium causes various gastric conditions, such as inflammation, gastroduodenal ulcers, and stomach cancer, alongside extragastric complications including cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus, anaemia, and neurological disorders. Managing the infection requires timely detection and effective eradication to prevent disease progression. Diagnostic strategies encompass invasive procedures like biopsies, cultures, and rapid urease testing, as well as non-invasive options such as stool investigations, breath tests, and serology. Selecting an optimal diagnostic pathway depends on clinical characteristics and available laboratory equipment. Current management relies on antibiotic regimens aligned with worldwide guidelines, though alternative therapies are also under evaluation. Emerging approaches, including the use of peptide mass fingerprinting for diagnosis and the development of vaccines, offer potential pathways to enhance eradication and control the spread of infection.
Helicobacter pylori is an extremely widespread bacterial infection linked directly to stomach cancer and several chronic systemic conditions. Understanding and improving the tools used to detect and treat this bacterium helps healthcare providers tackle drug resistance, prevent severe gastrointestinal disease, and reduce the heavy worldwide burden of associated illnesses.
The abstract highlights opportunities for diagnostic and therapeutic developers, specifically pointing to peptide mass fingerprinting as an advanced diagnostic technique and vaccines for infection prevention. Intended users include clinical diagnostic laboratories and healthcare providers. While established diagnostic tests and antibiotic regimens are already in clinical use, the proposed alternative treatments, peptide mass fingerprinting approaches, and preventative vaccines represent earlier-stage development opportunities requiring further clinical translation.
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Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection, which affects approximately half of the world’s population, remains a serious public health problem. As H. pylori infection leads to a number of gastric pathologies, including inflammation, gastroduodenal ulcers, and malignancies, early detection and treatment are crucial to preventing the spread of the infection. Multiple extragastric complications, such as iron deficiency anaemia, immune thrombocytopenic purpura, vitamin B12 deficiency, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases, and certain neurological disorders, have also been linked to H. pylori infection. An awareness of H. pylori and associated health hazards is necessary to minimize or even eradicate the infection. Therefore, there is an urgent need to raise the standards for the currently employed diagnostic, eradication, alternative treatment strategies. In addition, a brief overview of traditional and cutting-edge approaches that have proven effective in identifying and managing H. pylori is needed. Based on the test and laboratory equipment available and patient clinical characteristics, the optimal diagnostic approach requires weighing several factors. The pathophysiology and pathogenic mechanisms of H. pylori should also be studied, focusing more on the infection-causing virulence factors of this bacterium. Accordingly, this review aims to demonstrate the various diagnostic, pathophysiological, therapeutic, and eradication tactics available for H. pylori, emphasizing both their advantages and disadvantages. Invasive methods (such as quick urease testing, biopsy, or culture) or noninvasive methods (such as breath tests, stool investigations, or serological tests) can be used. We also present the most recent worldwide recommendations along with scientific evidence for treating H. pylori. In addition to the current antibiotic regimens, alternative therapies may also be considered. It is imperative to eradicate the infections caused by H. pylori as soon as possible to prevent problems and the development of stomach cancer. In conclusion, significant advances have been made in identifying and treating H. pylori. To improve eradication rates, peptide mass fingerprinting can be used as a diagnostic tool, and vaccines can also eliminate the infection.
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DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12020191
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