Harnessing Moroccan clay: a characterization study toward bio-based building materials

Abstract

Abstract This study investigates the physicochemical, mineralogical, thermal, and geotechnical properties of Moroccan clay from the Rif region, as a foundational step toward developing eco-friendly building materials. Characterization techniques—including X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)—were employed to evaluate the clay’s suitability for sustainable construction applications. The analysis revealed a predominance of Quartz (SiO₂), with notable presence of Illite and Kaolinite. The clay exhibited a basic pH (8.12), low thermal conductivity (0.631–0.663 W/mK), and moderate density (1.62 g/cm³). Geotechnical analysis classified the sample as sandy clay (46.3% sand content), with favorable structural stability and an acceptable plasticity index (12%). These characteristics indicate that the studied clay is well-suited for use in thermally efficient construction materials. While this work focuses on raw clay characterization, it lays the groundwork for future development of clay-based composites incorporating natural fibers, such as locally available cannabis fibers.