article · Energies
Electrical power grids are undergoing major transitions to accommodate higher levels of renewable energy interfaced via grid-connected inverters. As traditional synchronous generators decline in dominance, grid-forming control has emerged as a key approach to maintain system stability and control in converter-dominated networks, proving preferable to grid-following control. Advancing grid-forming methods is essential as networks move towards operating entirely on inverter-based infrastructure. This review examines the evolving grid landscape, exploring how inverter control paradigms operate and how major grid-forming techniques are being adapted. Key operational challenges addressed by these modifications include low system inertia, degraded power quality, fault-ride-through capabilities, and weakened stability. In addition, the review examines state-of-the-art models designed to advance universal grid-forming inverter controls.
As the world transitions towards fully renewable energy, electricity networks lose the natural stabilisation provided by heavy mechanical generators. Understanding and improving grid-forming inverter controls enables modern power systems to maintain reliable, stable electricity delivery without relying on traditional synchronous power plants, supporting clean energy adoption while preventing network instability.
The review covers control paradigms relevant to inverter manufacturers, renewable energy developers, and transmission grid operators working towards high-inverter networks. Because the abstract describes an overview of state-of-the-art models and control modifications rather than empirical testing of a specific proprietary solution, the work serves as foundational domain research rather than a near-market commercial technology.
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Changes are being implemented in the electrical power grid to accommodate the increased penetration of renewable energy sources interfaced with grid-connected inverters. The grid-forming (GFM) control paradigm of inverters in active power grids has emerged as a technique through which to tackle the effects of the diminishing dominance of synchronous generators (SGs) and is preferred to the grid-following (GFL) control for providing system control and stability in converter-dominated grids. Therefore, the development of the GFM control is important as the grid advances towards 100% inverter-based grids. In this paper, therefore, we aim to review the changing grid scenario; the behaviour of grid-connected inverter control paradigms and major GFM inverter controls, including their modifications to tackle low inertia, reduced power quality, fault-ride through capability, and reduced stability; and the state-of-the-art GFM models that are pushing the universality of GFM inverter control.
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DOI: 10.3390/en16227579
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