article · Green Chemistry Letters and Reviews
Green-synthesised silver nanoparticles produced using plants and bacteria show strong antibacterial action against multidrug-resistant bacterial pathogens. Evidence indicates effectiveness across both Gram-positive and Gram-negative strains, operating via multiple antibacterial pathways. These pathways include damaging bacterial cell walls and membranes, destroying critical biomolecules such as proteins, lipids, and DNA, and disrupting the electron transport chain alongside the proton motive force. The antibacterial performance varies widely depending on physical and chemical factors, including nanoparticle size, shape, surface charge, capping or stabilising agent, exposure duration, concentration, pH, and the targeted bacterial strain. Overall, green synthesis enables a synergistic effect between the silver nanoparticles and natural organic compounds, providing broad-spectrum inhibition and bactericidal effects against resistant pathogens.
Multidrug-resistant bacterial infections represent a severe global health threat linked to millions of deaths and substantial economic disruption worldwide. Conventional antibiotics increasingly fail against resistant strains. Green-synthesised silver nanoparticles offer an alternative therapeutic approach by using diverse biological mechanisms that damage multiple cellular components simultaneously, making it far harder for pathogens to develop resistance.
These findings indicate potential for green-synthesised silver nanoparticles in novel antimicrobial formulations to combat drug-resistant infections. Pharmaceutical and healthcare developers could use biologically capped nanoparticles as therapeutic or sterilising agents. However, the wide variance in minimum inhibitory concentrations and dependencies on manufacturing parameters indicate that this research remains at an early exploratory stage, requiring standardisation and further testing before clinical deployment.
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Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is the top global public health and development threat. It has led to 4·95 million deaths associated with bacterial AMR in 2019, including 1·27 million deaths attributable to bacterial AMR. In addition to causing death and disability, it is projected that by 2030, the annual gross domestic product (GDP) losses due to AMR could range from US$1 trillion to US$3.4 trillion. In the current study, bio-capped silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) showed significant antibacterial activities against both gram-positive and gram-negative MDR bacterial pathogens. 2.50 μg/ml to 100 mg/ml and 3.8 μg/ml to 2.5 mg/ml were the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of AgNPs, while the zone of inhibition (ZOI) was 4 to 25 mm. Particle size, shape, type of capping or stabilizing agent, surface charge, pH, exposure time, concentration, and bacterial type affect the antibacterial activities of AgNPs. Cell wall and membrane damage, destruction of biomolecules (lipids, proteins, and DNA), disruption of the electron transport chain, and proton motive force are mechanisms of action of AgNPs. In general, green-synthesised AgNPs from plants and bacteria (synergistic effect between AgNPs and natural compounds) displayed significant antibacterial activity against a wide range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative MDR bacteria.
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DOI: 10.1080/17518253.2024.2412601
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