article · Nanomaterials
Silver nanoparticles synthesised using peel extract from the medicinal plant Annona muricata show anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory activities. Physical and chemical analyses confirmed the formation of the nanoparticles, which were then evaluated against THP-1, AMJ-13, and HBL cell lines. The nanoparticles suppressed the proliferation of THP-1 and AMJ-13 cancer cells by triggering apoptosis through mitochondrial damage and the p53 protein pathway. In addition, tests using bone marrow-derived macrophages as well as laboratory and animal models demonstrated that the nanoparticles enhance autophagy. This elevated autophagy led to reduced activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and lower secretion of inflammatory markers, including interleukin-1 beta, caspase-1, and ASC. The nanoparticles acted by controlling the activation of these inflammatory proteins and directing NLRP3 towards lysosomal degradation. Consequently, these biosynthesised nanoparticles demonstrate potential therapeutic value for managing specific cancers and controlling inflammatory conditions.
Uncontrolled inflammation and tumour growth remain major therapeutic challenges. Utilising plant extracts to create silver nanoparticles provides an eco-friendly route to producing multifunctional biomedical agents. By simultaneously activating programmed cell death in cancer cells and dampening damaging inflammatory cascades through cellular waste-recycling processes, this research highlights novel biological pathways for developing combined anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory treatments.
This work could enable the development of plant-derived nanomedicines for oncology and chronic inflammatory conditions. Potential users include pharmaceutical developers and biotechnology firms focused on nanotherapeutics and inflammasome inhibitors. Given that the findings are based on cell culture and preliminary animal models, the technology represents early-stage research requiring comprehensive toxicity screening, biodistribution studies, and clinical trials before reaching practical medical use.
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<i>Annona muricata</i> is one of the most important traditional medicinal plants which contains numerous chemicals that exhibit various pharmacological properties. In this study, silver nanoparticles were prepared using <i>A. muricata</i> peel extract as a reducing agent and the effect was enhanced through <i>A. muricata</i> like pharmaceutical activity. AgNPs formation was confirmed by color changes, UV-visible spectroscopy, SEM, DLS, and XRD. The anti-proliferative activity of AgNPs against THP-1, AMJ-13, and HBL cell lines was studied. Apoptotic markers were tested using AO/EtBr staining assay, cell cycle phases using flowcytometry, and the expression of P53. Autophagy takes an essential part in controlling inflammasome activation by primary bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs). We report novel functions for AgNPs-affected autophagy, represented by the control of the release of IL-1β, caspase-1, adaptor protein apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD (ASC), and NLRP3 in BMDMs following treatment with LPS+ATP. The current study revealed that the AgNPs inhibited THP-1 and AMJ-13 cell proliferation. Meanwhile, the AgNPs significantly increased autophagy and reduced IL-1b and NLRP3 levels in both in vivo and in vitro models. The secretion of IL-1β was reduced whereas the degradation of NLRP3 inflammasome was enhanced. These findings propose that AgNPs apply an anti-proliferative activity against THP-1 and AMJ-13 cells through the stimulation of apoptosis via mitochondrial damage and induction of p53 protein pathway. In addition, AgNP-induced autophagy reduced the levels of IL-1β and NLRP3 inflammasome activation. This indicated that the AgNPs augment autophagy controlled by the IL-1β pathway via two different novel mechanisms. The first one is regulating activation of the IL-1 β, caspae-1, and ASC, while the second is NLRP3 targeting for lysosomal degradation. Overall, this study suggests that AgNPs could be a potent therapy for various types of cancer and an alternative treatment for preventing inflammation via enhancing autophagy.
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DOI: 10.3390/nano11020384
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