article · Hydrogen
Green hydrogen offers a viable alternative to fossil fuels for global decarbonisation, but its broad integration into renewable energy systems requires addressing economic viability, storage, transport, and emissions footprints. Reviewing recent technological and policy developments, the work examines cost-reduction strategies, scalability barriers, and advancements in electrolysis. When integrated with other renewables, green hydrogen demonstrates a potential to reduce global warming by 66 to 95 percent. Furthermore, widespread adoption could reduce anticipated climate mitigation costs by 10.0 to 15.7 trillion dollars over the coming decades. Achieving these benefits depends on overcoming key hurdles through enhanced electrolysis efficiency, superior storage methods, improved catalyst durability, and stronger materials for electrolysers. Realising large-scale adoption also necessitates coordinated international policy frameworks and the direct integration of hydrogen into hybrid renewable energy networks.
Transitioning to green hydrogen is critical for reaching net-zero emissions, yet high costs and technical bottlenecks slow its adoption. Clarifying its potential shows that green hydrogen can substantially lower global warming and avoid trillions of dollars in climate mitigation expenses. Understanding the necessary technological and policy interventions provides energy planners and governments with clear priorities for designing sustainable, low-emission energy grids.
The work points towards industrial applications and integration into hybrid renewable energy networks. Primary beneficiaries include renewable energy developers, electrolyser manufacturers, and heavy industries seeking fossil fuel substitutes. The findings represent review-level insights rather than a specific tested prototype, indicating an early to intermediate stage where commercial viability depends on reducing production costs, advancing electrolyser materials, improving storage durability, and establishing supportive international policy environments.
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Green hydrogen is gaining recognition as a viable substitute for fossil fuels, presenting a sustainable solution for global decarbonization. While significant progress has been made in hydrogen production, storage, and utilization, there remains a crucial need to assess its economic viability and integration into current energy systems and to reduce its emission footprint. This review delves into the prospects and challenges of green hydrogen deployment into the renewable energy mix, with a particular focus on cost reduction approaches, storage limitations, transportation, scalability, advancements in electrolysis, and diverse sectoral applications. By analyzing recent technological developments and policy frameworks, this review contributes a thorough evaluation of green hydrogen’s viability to achieve net-zero emissions. Furthermore, this review enhances understanding of the role of green hydrogen in climate change mitigation by identifying major scalability barriers and proffering actionable solutions, assessing life cycle emission reductions, and examining key policy measures required for large-scale adoption. Our analysis emphasizes the importance of advancing green hydrogen storage solutions, increasing the efficiency of electrolysis processes, reducing costs, and implementing stronger policy measures to support large-scale adoption. Our findings and results demonstrate that green hydrogen has 66–95% potential of reducing global warming when integrated with other renewables. Its widespread adoption will drastically reduce anticipated climate mitigation costs of $10.0–15.7 trillion in the next decades, with progress in electrolysis technology, cost efficiency, and various industrial applications. Our recommendation for future studies emphasizes improved catalyst durability, material enhancements for electrolyzer, integration of green hydrogen into hybrid renewable energy networks, and establishment of globally coordinated policies to accelerate its deployment. By bridging the divide between technological advancements and practical implementation, this research provides valuable guidance for scientists, policymakers, and industry stakeholders striving for a sustainable energy transition.
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DOI: 10.3390/hydrogen6020029
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