article · Journal of Cluster Science
Nanoparticle synthesis under environmentally friendly conditions relies on natural resources to reduce dependence on hazardous chemicals. Using microorganisms creates nanoparticles that offer biocompatibility, stability, and safety. Microbial organisms such as bacteria, fungi, algae, and actinobacteria facilitate crystal growth while preventing particle aggregation. These organisms act as both reducing agents and capping agents through biological components including enzymes, peptides, poly(amino acids), polyhydroxyalkanoates, and polysaccharides. This approach supports the fabrication of metal nanoparticles comprising gold, silver, platinum, palladium, copper, titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, iron oxide, and selenium. Synthesised nanoparticles typically range from 1 to 100 nanometres in size and display diverse morphologies, including spherical, rod, triangular, cubic, and hexagonal forms, generated through intracellular or extracellular synthesis mechanisms.
Traditional nanoparticle production often relies on toxic chemicals that present environmental and safety hazards. Utilizing microorganisms provides a cleaner, green alternative that generates stable and biocompatible nanomaterials. Understanding how bacteria, fungi, and algae produce these particles allows researchers to develop safer materials across diverse fields.
The abstract outlines green production routes for metal and metal oxide nanoparticles with biocompatible and stable characteristics. However, as a broad review focusing on biological synthesis mechanisms across various microbial species, the abstract does not indicate a specific commercial application pathway, target end user, or distance from real-world use.
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Abstract Nanoparticle synthesis under environmentally friendly conditions has been conducted utilizing natural resources in order to reduce the reliance on hazardous chemicals. For example, the utilization of microbial synthesis has enabled the production of nanoparticles that exhibit biocompatibility, stability, and safety. Microorganisms facilitate the growth of crystals while preventing aggregation. They serve as both reducing agents and capping agents by offering enzymes, peptides, poly(amino acids), polyhydroxyalkanoate, and polysaccharides. In this review, we present an overview of nanoparticle synthesis based on microorganisms including bacteria, fungi, algae, and actinobacteria, encompassing metals such as gold (Au), silver (Ag), platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), copper (Cu), titanium dioxide ((TiO 2 ), zinc oxide (ZnO), iron oxide (Fe 2 O 3 ), and selenium (Se). The nanoparticles typically vary in size from 1 to 100 nm and exhibit various shapes including spherical, rod-shaped, triangular, cubic, and hexagonal shapes. Additionally, this review discusses the mechanisms behind the synthesis of metal nanoparticles by microorganisms, whether they occur intracellularly or extracellularly.
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DOI: 10.1007/s10876-024-02660-7
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