Genetic Improvement of the Date Palm (<i>Phoenix dactylifera</i> L.): Strategies and Analysis Techniques: Review

Abstract

Date palm plays an essential role in arid and semi-arid regions, but its genetic improvement remains a challenge due to its long reproductive cycle, dioeciousness and susceptibility to diseases and environmental stresses. Date palm breeding is a dynamic field that reflects the interaction of classical and modern techniques to improve the agronomic and economic attributes of this strategic crop. Classical methods such as mass selection and backcrossing have improved genetic characteristics in a sustainable way. Advanced biotechnologies, such as genetic engineering and tissue culture, have accelerated genetic improvement processes, enabling the production of varieties that are more resistant to disease and difficult environmental conditions. In addition, advances in molecular analysis techniques, such as SSR and SNP markers, have led In order to better grasp the genetic structure of date palm, helping to improve genetic selection strategies and promote breeding programs based on genomic knowledge. This review aims to explore the strategies and techniques used in date palm breeding, with particular emphasis on classical methods, the role of backcrossing, biotechnological innovations and the main molecular analysis techniques applied in date palm breeding.