article · Molecules
Chemical characterisation of leaf essential oil from Syzygium cumini identified fifty-three constituents representing over ninety-one percent of the total oil. The predominant chemical components were alpha-pinene, beta-(E)-ocimene, D-limonene, beta-pinene, and alpha-terpineol. Laboratory assays demonstrated moderate cytotoxic activity against human liver cancer cells. Additionally, the essential oil displayed inhibitory effects against acetylcholinesterase, an enzyme linked to cognitive decline, alongside the carbohydrate-digesting enzymes alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase. Molecular docking evaluations identified (E)-beta-caryophyllene as achieving the strongest binding scores against all three tested enzymes. Based on these biochemical and computational findings, the plant oil demonstrates potential for consideration as a functional dietary supplement aimed at improving memory performance in elderly individuals and supporting blood glucose management in people with diabetes.
Natural plant extracts provide valuable leads for addressing chronic conditions such as diabetes and cognitive decline. By mapping the chemical constituents of Syzygium cumini essential oil and confirming its capacity to block specific metabolic and neurological enzymes in laboratory models, this research highlights how botanical compounds might be explored to support blood sugar regulation and brain health.
This work points towards applications in dietary supplements and nutraceuticals, particularly for blood glucose management in diabetes and memory support in ageing populations. Because the evidence is limited to in vitro enzymatic assays, cell culture tests, and molecular docking models, the technology is at an early research stage. Significant preclinical testing, formulation development, and clinical evaluation would be required before nutraceutical manufacturers or food industry developers could commercialise a consumer product.
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<i>Syzygium cumini</i> (Pomposia) is a well-known aromatic plant belonging to the family Myrtaceae, and has been reported for its various traditional and pharmacological potentials, such as its antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antidiarrheal properties. The chemical composition of the leaf essential oil via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis revealed the identification of fifty-three compounds representing about 91.22% of the total oil. The identified oil was predominated by <i>α</i>-pinene (21.09%), followed by <i>β</i>-(E)-ocimene (11.80%), D-limonene (8.08%), <i>β</i>-pinene (7.33%), and <i>α</i>-terpineol (5.38%). The tested oil revealed a moderate cytotoxic effect against human liver cancer cells (HepG2) with an IC<sub>50</sub> value of 38.15 ± 2.09 µg/mL. In addition, it effectively inhibited acetylcholinesterase with an IC<sub>50</sub> value of 32.9 ± 2.1 µg/mL. Furthermore, it showed inhibitory properties against α-amylase and α-glucosidase with IC<sub>50</sub> values of 57.80 ± 3.30 and 274.03 ± 12.37 µg/mL, respectively. The molecular docking studies revealed that (<i>E</i>)-<i>β</i>-caryophyllene, one of the major compounds, achieved the best docking scores of -6.75, -5.61, and -7.75 for acetylcholinesterase, α-amylase, and α-glucosidase, respectively. Thus, it is concluded that <i>S. cumini</i> oil should be considered as a food supplement for the elderly to enhance memory performance and for diabetic patients to control blood glucose.
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DOI: 10.3390/molecules26226984
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