article · Smart Agricultural Technology
An automated irrigation system combines Internet of Things hardware, fuzzy logic, and cloud computing to manage agricultural water use. Field devices built with ESP32 microcontrollers, actuators, and soil temperature and humidity sensors capture environmental data and transmit it to the cloud-based ThingSpeak platform using HTTP protocols. A fuzzy logic algorithm dynamically adjusts the timing and duration of watering based on soil conditions, maintaining soil moisture close to a target threshold of 62 percent. Evaluations over an extended period confirm that this approach reduces water losses and avoids crop water stress compared to conventional methods. The hardware configuration was constructed for approximately 32 USD, offering a low-cost, accessible alternative to expensive traditional irrigation infrastructure while delivering real-time monitoring through an interactive dashboard.
Climate change and water scarcity increasingly threaten agricultural production worldwide. Standard watering practices frequently waste valuable water or fail to supply plants with the right amount at the right time. By automating watering decisions through affordable sensors and smart algorithms, agricultural producers can conserve freshwater resources, reduce operational expenditure, and protect crop health against changing environmental conditions.
This system provides an applied and tested design relevant to agricultural producers, agronomy advisers, and smart farming technology suppliers. With an indicated hardware build cost of approximately 32 USD, it is positioned as an affordable option for resource-constrained operations. The setup has been evaluated in operational conditions using standard cloud services, meaning commercialisation would primarily involve ruggedising the physical enclosure and refining user interfaces for broader agricultural deployment.
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• Integration of IoT technologies, embedded systems, fuzzy logic, and cloud computing for intelligent water management. • Application of fuzzy logic to precisely adjust irrigation periods and durations according to climatic conditions, reducing water losses. • Using the ThingSpeak platform for real-time collection, and analysis of irrigation data, enabling responsive and accurate decisions. • Viewing fuzzy logic membership functions using MATLAB, improving system understanding and tuning. • Contributing to more sustainable agricultural practices by optimizing water use and reducing water stress on crops. Faced with the growing challenges of water scarcity and the effects of climate change, intelligent irrigation management is essential to guarantee food security and promote sustainable agriculture. Traditional irrigation methods are often inefficient, waste water and expose crops to water stress. This paper proposes an innovative irrigation system integrating the Internet of Things (IoT), embedded systems, fuzzy logic and cloud computing for optimized water management. The system is based on three layers: IoT devices in the field comprising ESP32 microcontrollers, temperature and humidity sensors and actuators; a cloud layer using ThingSpeak for real-time data collection and analysis via HTTP protocol; and an interactive dashboard for irrigation monitoring and control. Mathematical modeling plays a key role, integrating fuzzy logic to dynamically adjust irrigation according to environmental conditions. MATLAB is used to simulate and visualize fuzzy membership functions, enabling optimized decision-making. Results show that the system reduces water losses by adjusting watering periods according to soil temperature and humidity. Thanks to ThingSpeak, it effectively maintains soil humidity close to the target threshold of 62 %, ensuring more precise, weather-responsive irrigation. Evaluation over an extended period shows a significant reduction in water wastage thanks to strategic management based on well-defined rules. What's more, with a cost of just 32 USD, this IoT system proves more affordable than conventional methods requiring significant investment in infrastructure and maintenance. This intelligent irrigation system represents a promising solution for sustainable water management in agriculture. By integrating real-time soil and climate data, it improves water efficiency, optimizes yields and minimizes the risk of water stress, thus contributing to the resilience of agricultural practices in the face of current and future environmental challenges.
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DOI: 10.1016/j.atech.2025.100979
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