article · ACS Omega
Ultrasound technology was employed to synthesise functionalised pyridine derivatives through a straightforward four-component chemical reaction combining aromatic aldehydes, acetyl aryl, sodium alkoxide, and malononitrile. Developed as analogues to neonicotinoid insecticides, the resulting chemical compounds were evaluated for insecticidal activity against both nymphs and adults of the cowpea aphid under laboratory conditions. The toxicity screenings revealed that several derivatives were biologically active against the pest. Among the evaluated candidates, three specific compounds, designated 1f, 1d, and 1c, displayed the highest insecticidal potency, recording median lethal concentration values of 0.080, 0.098, and 0.127 milligrams per litre respectively. These results highlight a simpler production route for creating chemical candidates for insect pest management.
Aphids cause substantial damage to agricultural crops, making effective pest control methods essential for food production. Developing potent analogues of existing insecticides using ultrasound-assisted synthesis offers an efficient route to identify promising chemical structures. These low-concentration candidates provide options for formulating targeted interventions against persistent insect pests.
This work is relevant to agrochemical companies and crop protection developers seeking new active ingredients against sap-sucking pests like aphids. The technology is at an early research stage, having been evaluated only through laboratory toxicity screenings. Moving towards practical use would require field trials, crop safety and environmental toxicity assessments, and formulation optimisation.
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Using ultrasound technology instead of traditional methods, some pyridine derivatives were prepared by a simple procedure via a four-component reaction of different aromatic aldehydes, acetyl aryl, sodium alkoxide, and malononitrile, and additionally, all prepared compounds were monitored for insecticidal activities toward nymphs and adults of cowpea aphid. Though a lot of insecticides are discovered as a novelty on the other hand, neonicotinoid compounds are reflected as the most affected insecticides against aphids and many other pests. Thus, some of the pyridine derivatives were chemically prepared as analogues to a large group of insecticides called neonicotinoids. Under laboratory conditions, the toxicity of these components was measured toward adults and nymphs of <i>Aphis craccivora</i>. With respect to the LC<sub>50</sub> values, components <b>1f</b>, <b>1d</b>, and <b>1c</b> have the utmost insecticidal bioactivity, with values of 0.080, 0.098, and 0.127 mg/L. This work covers the way to discover novel compounds for the prospective use as insecticidal representatives.
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DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c03831
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