article · PLoS ONE
FTIR spectroscopy was used to examine functional groups and structural changes in chlorophyll molecules within dried leaves of spinach and fenugreek grown under biochar treatments in naturally contaminated soil. The spectroscopic analysis revealed that chlorophyll can mask or suppress the infrared bands of other leaf molecules, including proteins. When biochar was added at varying concentrations, distinctive shifts and changes in spectral peaks occurred. In spinach, specific peaks linked to ketonic groups and carbonyl bonds associated with magnesium shifted across zero, three, and five percent biochar treatments. In fenugreek, spectral alterations appeared across multiple functional groups, with clearer vibrational bands at tetrapyrrole ring positions. For both plants, carbon-nitrogen bands became most prominent under five percent biochar amendment, illustrating how infrared spectroscopy can verify biochemical alterations such as rising protein levels.
Understanding how soil treatments alter plant composition is essential for monitoring plant health and nutritional quality. Using infrared spectroscopy provides a way to observe molecular adjustments in crops grown in contaminated soils. By tracking shifts in chlorophyll and protein-related functional groups, analysts can assess the physiological responses of leafy vegetables to soil amendments such as biochar.
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Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectroscopy detects functional groups such as vibrational bands like N-H, O-H, C-H, C = O (ester, amine, ketone, aldehyde), C = C, C = N (vibrational modes of a tetrapyrrole ring) and simply C = N. The FTIR of these bands is fundamental to the investigation of the effect of biochar (BC) treatment on structural changes in the chlorophyll molecules of both plants that were tested. For this, dried leaf of Spinacia oleracia (spinach) and Trigonella corniculata (fenugreek) were selected for FTIR spectral study of chlorophyll associated functional groups. The study’s primary goal was to investigate the silent features of infrared (IR) spectra of dried leave samples. The data obtained from the current study also shows that leaf chlorophyll can mask or suppress other molecules’ FITR bands, including proteins. In addition, the C = O bands with Mg and the C9 ketonic group of chlorophyll are observed as peaks at1600 (0%BC), 1650 (3%BC) and 1640, or near to1700 (5%BC) in spinach samples. In fenugreek, additional effects are observed in the FTIR spectra of chlorophyll at the major groups of C = C, C = O and C9 of the ketonic groups, and the vibrational bands are more evident at C-H and N-H of the tetrapyrrole ring. It is concluded that C-N bands are more visible in 5% BC treated spinach and fenugreek than in all other treatments. These types of spectra are useful in detecting changes or visibility of functional groups, which are very helpful in supporting biochemical data such as an increase in protein can be detected by more visibility of C-N bands in FTIR spectra.
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DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0253390
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