Formalizing the Implicit Mechanisms in UAV Energy Model Selection Through Decision Tree and Analytic Hierarchy Process

Abstract

The growing deployment of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in energy-constrained applications has highlighted the need for appropriate energy consumption models. However, selecting between physics-based (white-box) and data-driven (black-box) modeling paradigms remains a largely implicit process. Researchers often navigate undocumented trade-offs among required predictive accuracy, empirical data availability, and access to aerodynamic testing infrastructure without a formalized structure. This study proposes a two-stage decision-making framework to formalize UAV energy model selection. In the first stage, a qualitative decision tree is inductively derived from a corpus of 23 recent studies, explicitly mapping infrastructural and informational constraints to five distinct modeling regimes. In the second stage, the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is applied to quantitatively evaluate the feasible alternatives based on context-specific criteria: accuracy, interpretability, development cost, and customization adaptability. The structural logic of the framework is evaluated against an independent set of 24 holdout studies, demonstrating a high degree of consistency between the framework’s recommendations and the methodologies employed in the literature. Furthermore, the quantitative AHP scoring introduces “fallback flexibility,” enabling researchers to mathematically identify alternative modeling strategies when primary experimental conditions are compromised. Supported by an open-source Python graphical interface, this framework aims to reduce methodological ambiguity and support more structured, reproducible model selection in UAV energy research.