Exploring the consequences of female genital schistosomiasis among women in endemic districts in Southern Ghana: a phenomenological study using photovoice methodology

Abstract

Female genital schistosomiasis (FGS) is a gynaecological indication of Schistosoma haematobium infection characterized by parasite egg deposition in the genital tracts of girls and women. Despite its health and social consequences, women’s lived experiences with FGS remain poorly documented. This study used a photovoice approach to contextualize the experiences of women with female genital schistosomiasis (FGS) in endemic districts in Southern Ghana. This was a phenomenological research design that applied photovoice to data collection. Eight Photovoice Group Discussions (PGDs) were conducted with 54 women aged 18 years and older, who self-identified as having experienced FGS. Data were collected between June and November 2022. All discussions were audio-recorded, transcribed, and analysed thematically with the aid of NVIVO 12 qualitative data analysis software. The study participants demonstrated a clear understanding of the concept of “photovoice” and used thought-provoking photographs to express their experiences with FGS. Women reported multiple health and social challenges associated with the FGS, including abdominal pain, vaginal odour or itches, reproductive complications such as infertility, as well as social trauma and stigma. Although some participants recognized contaminated water exposure as a risk factor, misconceptions about the causes of FGS such as witchcraft, infidelity, and Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) were common. FGS has substantial health and psychosocial impacts on affected women. Strengthening community education and integrating FGS awareness, diagnosis, and management into reproductive health and schistosomiasis control programmes are critical to improving early detection and reducing stigma in endemic communities. Photovoice offers a valuable participatory approach for documenting women’s experiences and informing community-responsive health interventions.