Exploring the cognitive-enhancing effects of Ocimum gratissimum: an ethnopharmacological and phytochemical review

Abstract

Ocimum gratissimum, commonly known as clove basil, is a medicinal plant acclaimed for its ethnopharmacological properties across different cultures. This review focuses on the cognitive-enhancing potential of O. gratissimum by examining its phytochemical constituents, pharmacological activities, and specific indications related to cognitive function. We systematically reviewed the literature on the ethnopharmaceutical uses, phytochemical profiling, and pharmacological actions of O. gratissimum, with a particular emphasis on cognitive enhancement. Our findings indicate that O. gratissimum is rich in bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, terpenoids, and phenolic acids, which demonstrate neuroprotective, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects. Numerous studies on animal models have shown that extracts from O. gratissimum improve learning and memory, reduce anxiety, and protect against cognitive decline caused by various stressors. These results highlight the potential of O. gratissimum as a natural agent for enhancing cognitive function and possibly mitigating age-related cognitive decline. Further research is essential to elucidate the mechanisms behind these cognitive effects, assess the safety and efficacy of O. gratissimum-derived formulations in humans, and explore its clinical applications for cognitive disorders.