Exploring synergistic interactions between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and beneficial microbes in plant health and productivity

Abstract

Abstract Context: Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and bacteria associations in low-input agroecosystems play an essential role in soil fertility and crop productivity, with the additional benefit of nutrient uptake and disease resistance. However, the mechanism behind such interaction is not well understood and requires further validation. Objective: This study aims to present the current understanding of relationship between AMF and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria and highlight the dynamic nature of their interactions. Methods: This review highlights the physical interaction and functional mechanism, exploring the role of AMF and PGPR in phosphorus and nitrogen bioavailability. Result: The review presents the roles of Bacillus spp. in growth through phytohormone production, phosphate solubilisation, and stress tolerance. It further illustrates the synergistic relation between Bacillus spp . and AMF. Conclusion: Dual inoculation enhances nutrient uptake, protects against pathogens, and mitigates biotic and abiotic stress. The proven advantage of dual inoculation over single inoculation explores the possibility of replacing the microbial consortia in sustainable agriculture and provides a guide for future research in resilient crop ecosystems. AMF are truly functional members of the soil ecosystem.