Exploring Blood Flow Restriction Exercise Protocols for Elderly Populations: A Scoping Review of Cuff Pressure, Frequency, and Duration for Muscle Strength, Hypertrophy, and Functional Abilities Outcomes

Abstract

<b>Background/Objectives:</b> As aging leads to a decline in muscle mass, strength, and functional capacity, identifying effective, low-risk interventions for older adults is essential. Blood flow restriction training (BFRT) has gained recognition as a potential substitute for traditional high-load resistance training, offering comparable benefits with reduced mechanical stress. This scoping review explores current BFRT protocols-specifically cuff pressure, training frequency, and duration-and their impact on muscular strength, hypertrophy, and functional capabilities among healthy elderly individuals. <b>Methods:</b> Following PRISMA-ScR and Arksey and O'Malley's framework, six databases were searched (2010-2024), yielding 13 eligible studies. Data were charted for BFRT parameters, training regimens, and outcomes related to strength, muscle size, and functionality. Risk of bias was assessed using Cochrane guidelines. <b>Results:</b> Low-load BFRT (20-40% 1RM), applied 2-4 times weekly for 6-12 weeks, significantly improved muscle strength, hypertrophy (e.g., quadriceps CSA), and functional performance (e.g., TUG, 6MWT). Cuff pressures ranged from 50 to 80% arterial occlusion pressure (AOP) for the lower limbs and 30-50% above systolic pressure for the upper limbs. Wider cuffs enhanced safety and comfort. BFRT demonstrated comparable or superior outcomes to conventional training in most studies, with minimal adverse effects reported. <b>Conclusions:</b> The existing evidence suggests that BFRT may be a promising intervention for improving muscle health and functionality in older adults; however, future research should focus on standardizing protocols, long-term outcomes, and tailored guidelines to optimize safety and efficacy.