Experiences and preferences in Zambia and South Africa for delivery of HIV treatment during a client’s first six months: a cross-sectional survey

Abstract

Abstract Background Disengagement from antiretroviral therapy (ART) is highest in the early treatment period (≤6 months after initiation/re-initiation), but low intensity models designed to increase retention generally exclude these clients. We describe client preferences for HIV service delivery in the early treatment period. Methods From 9/2022-6/2023, we surveyed adult clients who were initiating or on ART for ≤6 months at primary health facilities in South Africa and Zambia. We collected data on experiences with and preferences for HIV treatment. Results We enrolled 1,098 participants in South Africa (72% female, median age 33) and 771 in Zambia (67% female, median age 32), 38% and 34% of whom were initiating/re-initiating ART in each country, respectively. While clients expressed varied preferences, most participants (94% in South Africa, 87% in Zambia) were not offered choices regarding service delivery. 82% of participants in South Africa and 36% in Zambia reported receiving a 1-month supply of medication at their most recent visit; however, South African participants preferred 2- or 3-month dispensing (69%), while Zambian participants preferred 3-or 6-month dispensing (85%). Many South African participants (65%) would prefer to collect medication in community settings, while Zambian participants (70%) preferred clinic-based collection. Half of participants desired more one-on-one counselling and health information. Most participants reported positive experiences with providers, but long waiting queues were reported by South African participants. Conclusions During the first six months on ART, many clients would prefer less frequent clinic visits, longer dispensing intervals, and frequent, high-quality counselling. Care models for the early treatment period should reflect these preferences. Registration Clinicaltrials.gov NCT05454839 , Clinicaltrials.gov NCT05454852