Evaluation of awareness, perceptions, and compliance with infection prevention and control protocols among healthcare professionals at a tertiary hospital in Nasarawa State, Nigeria

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Healthcare associated infections (HAIs) remain a critical threat to patient safety, particularly in low and middle income countries where infection prevention and control (IPC) systems are inconsistently implemented. Strengthening healthcare workers (HCWs) adherence to IPC protocols is vital to curbing nosocomial transmission and improving healthcare quality in Nigeria. METHODS: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 500 HCWs at the Federal Medical Centre, Keffi, Nasarawa State. Participants were selected through stratified random sampling across five professional cadres. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire and a World Health Organization (WHO)-adapted observational checklist. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics, including ANOVA and multiple regression, to determine predictors of IPC compliance. RESULTS: Overall IPC knowledge among HCWs was high (mean = 40.01 ± 3.66; 82%), while adherence to standard IPC practices was moderate (mean = 36.39 ± 5.92; 74%). No statistically significant difference in knowledge was observed across professional categories (p = 0.092), but adherence differed significantly (p < 0.001), with nurses demonstrating the highest compliance. Regression analysis identified institutional support (β = 0.40, p < 0.001) and availability of IPC resources as major predictors of adherence. Barriers included inadequate personal protective equipment (PPE), limited supervision, and high workload. CONCLUSION: Although knowledge of IPC was satisfactory, adherence to standard practices among HCWs at FMC Keffi remains suboptimal due to systemic and institutional challenges rather than knowledge deficits. Strengthening leadership commitment, ensuring sustainable PPE supply chains, implementing continuous professional training, and reinforcing monitoring mechanisms are essential to enhance IPC compliance and reduce HAIs.