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Recent advances in communication technologies have made antennas essential components, especially due to their small size, favorable cost-performance ratio, and easy integration into various systems. Matching antennas are involved in various fields such as wireless networks, IoT, radar, and 5G. This important role requires precise numerical modelling to meet the demands for higher gain, extended bandwidth, and superior efficiency. The finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method is often favored as a competent and efficient numerical method for modelling and simulating electromagnetic wave propagation phenomena among many computational methods. The advantage of the FDTD method in the design of patch antennas is evaluated in this work by comparing it with HFSS, a popular finite element solver. The fidelity of the FDTD method is validated by the undeniable significant correlation of the research; however, some small differences at extreme frequencies indicate the need for development. It is recommended to focus on improving grid optimization, boundary conditions, and numerical dispersion control to increase accuracy.
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DOI: 10.1109/iccsc66714.2025.11134959
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