Enhancing diagnostic accuracy and health monitoring in goats of Sub-Saharan Africa: the role of haematological parameters and their molecular genetics

Abstract

Haematological markers are extensively utilised as diagnostic and monitoring tools for evaluating health, physiological state, and disease conditions in goats. This review integrates existing literature on haematological parameters in goats, with a particular emphasis on Sub-Saharan Africa, where goats play a central role in smallholder livelihoods, food security, and climate resilience. The literature indicates significant differences in blood values among breeds and regions, underscoring the need for region- and breed-specific reference ranges. Internal factors, including age, sex, and breed, alongside external influences such as nutrition, environmental stress, disease burden, and management practices, significantly impact haematological profile. Despite the importance of these indicators, inconsistencies in testing methodologies and insufficient integration of molecular genetic tools limit standardization and comprehensive understanding. Recent advancements highlight the potential of merging traditional haematology with genomic techniques to enhance disease resistance and adaptive trait evaluation. To create evidence-based interventions that are relevant to smallholder farming and to fill in the current knowledge gaps in this crucial field, more research is necessary. This review aims to provide a framework for enhancing diagnostic accuracy and health management strategies for goats in Sub-Saharan Africa.