article · Physica Scripta
This research evaluates the effects of adding a glass phase to lead-free ceramics composed of bismuth sodium titanate, strontium titanate, and barium titanate. By incorporating varying amounts of a melt-quenched barium boron titanate glass phase, the crystal structure developed coexisting rhombohedral and orthorhombic phases, with the rhombohedral fraction increasing alongside glass content. The glass additive restricted grain growth to sub-micrometre sizes, leading to improved dielectric breakdown strength. The composition containing five percent glass achieved the best performance, delivering a recoverable energy storage density of 2.5 Joules per cubic centimetre and approximately 87 percent energy storage efficiency at an electric field of 200 kilovolts per centimetre. These energy storage metrics demonstrated strong thermal stability, fluctuating by less than four percent across temperatures ranging from 25 to 150 degrees Celsius. Pyroelectric properties and the associated figure of merit were also enhanced by introducing the glass phase.
Lead-free electronic ceramics are increasingly vital for environmentally sustainable energy hardware. Developing materials that can store electrical energy efficiently while remaining stable under fluctuating temperatures is a major technical challenge. This work demonstrates that introducing a tailored glass phase improves both energy density and heat stability, offering a route to produce better-performing dielectric and thermal-sensing components without hazardous lead.
This material design targets applications in thermal sensing and compact electrostatic energy storage components. Potential end users include manufacturers of dielectric capacitors and pyroelectric sensors looking for non-toxic, thermally stable lead-free formulations. Because the work focuses on laboratory synthesis, structural characterisation, and bench-scale electrical testing, it represents early-stage materials research that requires further device-level testing and manufacturing scaling before reaching commercialisation.
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Abstract The present study introduces a novel analysis of the effect of the glass phase on the energy storage and the pyroelectric properties of 0.65(Bi 0.5 Na 0.5 )TiO 3 -0.25SrTiO 3 –0.1BaTiO 3 (abbreviate NBT-ST-BT) lead-free ceramics. The glass phase was prepared by melt-quenching of (Ba 0.9 B 0.1 )TiO 3 (BBT) calcined powder. Different content of BBT glass phase was introduced into the ceramic matrix [(1-x)(NBT-ST-BT)—x(BBT)] (x = 0.0, 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10%) solid solution. The crystal structure shows rhombohedral and orthorhombic coexistence phases, increasing the R-phase volume fraction by increasing BBT glass content. The grain size was suppressed to a sub-micrometer by increasing the BBT glass amount, denoting the enhanced dielectric breakdown strength (BDS). The most significant recoverable energy storage density (W rec = 2.5 J cm −3 ) with the highest energy storage efficiency ( η ∼ 87%) has been obtained at 200 kV cm −1 of BBT 5%. The variation in W rec of the optimum sample is less than 4% from 25 °C to 150 °C, indicating the high thermal stability of energy storage properties. The pyroelectric coefficient (PE) was estimated using an approximate numerical method of differentiating remnant polarization P r concerning temperature. Adding the BBT glass phase enhanced the pyroelectric properties and figure of merit (FOM). The FOM increased from 7 × 10 −10 to 8 × 10 −10 C/cm 2 . °C at T = 150 °C when glass content increased from 0.0 to 0.1. These results prove that the addition of the BBT glass phase resolves the difference between high energy storage properties and lower sintering temperatures of ceramic materials, enhancing the pyroelectric properties for practical applications.
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DOI: 10.1088/1402-4896/ad732a
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