article · Scientific Reports
Titanium dioxide nanoparticles synthesised using guava leaf extract offer an effective, environmentally friendly route for removing profenofos pesticide from contaminated water. These biosynthesised nanoparticles feature a surface area superior to commercial alternatives, enhancing their capacity for combined adsorption and photocatalytic breakdown. Under optimal conditions, including a slightly acidic pH of 6 and the addition of hydrogen peroxide, the material achieves a 98.6 percent removal rate from wastewater. The process involves multilayer chemisorption, supported by a point of zero charge of 6.7 that aids pesticide capture in mildly acidic environments. Furthermore, the nanoparticles demonstrate operational durability by maintaining an efficiency above 81 percent across five reuse cycles. Overall, this green nanotechnology performs better than conventional Fenton processes, presenting an efficient technique for treating organophosphate pollution in wastewater.
Agricultural runoff containing persistent organophosphate pesticides presents substantial risks to drinking water supplies and aquatic life. Conventional chemical treatment approaches often require intensive chemical inputs and generate hazardous by-products. Producing effective water-purifying catalysts from plant waste offers an eco-friendly alternative, demonstrating that sustainable nanomaterials can surpass traditional chemical methods in detoxifying hazardous pesticide residues from contaminated water sources.
The findings present an applied and tested laboratory process suitable for wastewater treatment facilities and agricultural runoff management. The primary users would be industrial water treatment operators, environmental remediation firms, and agrochemical manufacturers. Because testing remains confined to batch-scale laboratory experiments with synthetic solutions, substantial work is still required to scale up nanoparticle synthesis and validate continuous-flow performance in real-world effluent conditions.
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This study compared the efficacy of combined adsorption–photocatalytic process using biosynthesized TiO 2 nanoparticles with the Fenton process in removing profenofos. Characterization techniques such as BET, XRD, and SEM were employed to characterize the biosynthesized nanoparticles. Batch tests were conducted to analyze the effects of different parameters on the adsorption process. The characterization of the TiO 2 nanoparticles derived from guava leaves showed an increased BET surface area of 13.002 m 2 g –1 compared to commercially available TiO 2 . Under optimal conditions of pH 6, 110 min contact time, 1.5 g L –1 adsorbent dosage, and 9 mL L –1 H 2 O 2 concentration, nanoparticles exhibited high initial removal efficiency of 98.6 ± 0.65% for pesticide from wastewater. The reusability study showed that TiO 2 nanoparticles can retain more than 81% of pesticides over the five cycles, and this decline in removal capacity may be due to the saturation of adsorption sites. The TiO 2 nanoparticles had a point of zero charge at 6.7, facilitating efficient pesticide removal below this pH value. Adsorption isotherm studies favored the Freundlich model ( R 2 = 0.993), indicating multilayer adsorption of profenofos on TiO 2 nanoparticles. A strong agreement with a pseudo-second-order (PSO) kinetic model ( R 2 = 0.996), as well as similar fits to the Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherm and Elovich kinetic models, suggested chemisorption mechanisms in the adsorption processes. Guava leaf-based biosynthesized TiO 2 nanoparticles exhibited superior performance in removing profenofos compared to the Fenton process, indicating a more environmentally friendly and efficient method for OPPs remediation.
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DOI: 10.1038/s41598-026-64781-5
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