Energy Management System of the Hybrid Electric Vehicle HEV

Abstract

This paper presents a general study on Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs) as a sustainable alternative to conventional transportation, aiming to reduce <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$\text{CO}_{2}$</tex> emissions—of which nearly 30% originate from the transport sector—and improve energy efficiency by up to <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$\mathbf{2 5}-\mathbf{5 0 {\%}}$</tex>. A bibliometric analysis was conducted to highlight key research trends in HEV technologies, revealing dominant themes such as energy management, intelligent control, and battery systems. The paper also provides an overview of HEV classifications (micro, mild, full, and plug-in), and compares four main architectures—Series, Parallel, Series-Parallel, and Complex—based on factors such as efficiency, cost, and complexity. A simplified energy model of a Parallel HEV architecture, chosen for its balance of performance and simplicity, is developed and simulated using MATLAB/Simulink. Simulation results confirm the effectiveness of an intelligent Energy Management System (EMS) in optimizing energy use and reducing fuel consumption.