article · Advanced Energy Materials
Printed carbon-graphite back electrodes are attractive for perovskite solar cells because they offer low processing costs and exceptional stability without requiring separate hole-transporting materials. However, these devices typically suffer from significant energy losses at the back electrode interface. To address this challenge, a two-dimensional perovskite layer was introduced at the interface to serve as an electron blocking layer, passivating contacts and reducing interfacial recombination losses. Analytical techniques including X-ray diffraction, photoemission spectroscopy, and spectrally resolved photoluminescence microscopy mapping confirmed the formation of this protective layer. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and current-voltage measurements showed that mitigating these losses improved both open-circuit voltage and fill factor. Consequently, the modified solar cells achieved a power conversion efficiency of 18.5 percent alongside significantly enhanced device stability, representing one of the highest reported efficiencies for this specific device architecture.
Solar cells manufactured with cheap, printable carbon electrodes instead of expensive materials can lower the cost of renewable electricity. Historically, these designs have lost too much energy at their internal contact points. Demonstrating that a thin protective layer can suppress these losses and boost efficiency to 18.5 percent helps bring durable, inexpensive solar technologies closer to practical viability.
This work targets solar cell manufacturers seeking lower production costs through printable carbon electrodes and simplified designs that avoid expensive hole-transporting materials. By improving device stability and reaching an 18.5 percent efficiency, it addresses key performance drawbacks of printable carbon contacts. The development is at an applied laboratory stage, having demonstrated improved performance and stability in tested devices, but requiring further development before commercial manufacturing.
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Abstract Interface engineering and passivating contacts are key enablers to reach the highest efficiencies in photovoltaic devices. While printed carbon–graphite back electrodes for hole‐transporting material (HTM)‐free perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are appealing for fast commercialization of PSCs due to low processing costs and extraordinary stability, this device architecture so far suffers from severe performance losses at the back electrode interface. Herein, a 2D perovskite passivation layer as an electron blocking layer (EBL) at this interface to substantially reduce interfacial recombination losses is introduced. The formation of the 2D perovskite EBL is confirmed through X‐ray diffraction, photoemission spectroscopy, and an advanced spectrally resolved photoluminescence microscopy mapping technique. Reduced losses that lead to an enhanced fill factor and V OC are quantified by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and J SC – V OC measurements. This enables reaching one of the highest reported efficiencies of 18.5% for HTM‐free PSCs using 2D perovskite as an EBL with a significantly improved device stability.
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DOI: 10.1002/aenm.202200837
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