article · Separations
Activated carbon derived from waste hemp and modified using phosphoric acid can capture Eriochrome Black T dye from liquid solutions. Structural and surface characterisations were conducted using infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Batch laboratory experiments tested the influence of solution acidity, contact duration, adsorbent dosage, and initial dye concentration on the remediation process, with mathematical modelling used to evaluate parameter performance. The uptake of the dye followed pseudo-second-order kinetics, exhibiting a physical adsorption mechanism that spans both monolayer and multilayer coverage. Under neutral conditions with a three-hour contact period and an initial dye concentration of ten milligrams per litre, the activated carbon achieved dye removal rates between 44 and 62.08 percent. The highest removal efficiency reached 62.08 percent at a dosage of 70 milligrams, demonstrating a maximum calculated Langmuir capacity of 14.025 milligrams per gram.
Industrial dye effluents present severe environmental challenges that require sustainable treatment methods. Converting agricultural waste hemp into activated carbon offers a potential route for valorising plant residues into functional filtration materials. Understanding the exact kinetic and equilibrium behaviours helps establish the baseline technical parameters needed to design targeted wastewater remediation processes for hazardous synthetic dyes.
The research demonstrates an early-stage application for water treatment and effluent remediation targeting synthetic dyes like Eriochrome Black T. Industrial wastewater operators and environmental remediation facilities could potentially use waste-derived activated carbon filters. However, the study remains at the stage of laboratory batch experiments, meaning extensive pilot testing, regeneration assessments, and process scaling are necessary before practical deployment.
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In the present work, the adsorption behavior of Eriochrome Black T (EBT) on waste hemp activated carbon (WHAC) was examined. The surface of the WHAC was modified by H3PO4 acid treatment. The surface and structural characterization of the adsorbents was carried out using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. The effect of influential adsorption parameters (pH, contact time, dosage, and initial concentration) on the adsorption of EBT onto WHAC was examined in batch experiments; some adsorption parameters such as pH, concentration and dose were improved by new mathematical models. The adsorption behavior of EBT on the surfaces of WHAC was evaluated by applying different isotherm models (Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and Dubinin–Radushkevich) to equilibrium data. The adsorption kinetics was studied by using pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, Elovich and intraparticle models on the model. Adsorption followed the pseudo-second-order rate kinetics. The maximum removal of EBT was found to be 44–62.08% by WHAC at pH = 7, adsorbent dose of 10–70 mg, contact time of 3 h and initial dye concentration of 10 mg.L−1. The maximum adsorption capacities were 14.025 mg.g−1 obtained by calculating according to the Langmuir model, while the maximum removal efficiency was obtained at 70 mg equal to 62.08% for the WHAC. The adsorption process is physical in the monolayer and multilayer.
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DOI: 10.3390/separations9100283
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