article · Aquaculture Nutrition
Dietary supplementation of common carp with p-coumaric acid was evaluated over a 56-day feeding trial at inclusion levels of 0, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 grams per kilogram. Key growth measures, including specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio, and weight gain percentage, exhibited polynomial relationships with dietary additive levels, identifying an optimal inclusion rate between 1.35% and 1.44%. Fish fed diets containing 1.0 and 1.5 grams per kilogram demonstrated significant enhancements in serum immune parameters, namely total immunoglobulin, lysozyme, and alternative complement pathway activity. These higher inclusion levels also raised the expression of intestinal interleukin-8 and tumour necrosis factor-alpha genes, while leaving interleukin-1 beta and lysozyme gene expression unaffected. During a 14-day challenge with Aeromonas hydrophila, the lowest mortality occurred in fish fed 1.5 grams per kilogram, whereas control fish showed the highest mortality.
Fish farming relies heavily on efficient feeds that also protect stocks from bacterial infections. Demonstrating that p-coumaric acid supports common carp growth and significantly lowers mortality after exposure to Aeromonas hydrophila shows that dietary additives can strengthen fish immunity, helping producers maintain healthier stocks and potentially reduce losses from disease outbreaks.
This research could inform the formulation of functional aquafeed additives targeted at commercial fish farmers and feed manufacturers. Because the study involved an applied 56-day controlled feeding and disease challenge trial in common carp, the approach sits at an applied research stage and would require further validation in commercial aquaculture environments before market adoption.
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The efficacy of p-coumaric acid (CA) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity, humoral immunity and immune gene expressions of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) was tested in the present study. Fish were fed diets supplemented with 0, 0.5, 1 and 1.5 g/kg CA for 56 days. According to regression analysis, specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR) and weight gain (WG%) were polynomially related to dietary CA levels. The optimum p-coumaric acid supplementation level, based upon these parameters, was 1.35%–1.44%. Furthermore, dietary CA supplementation at levels of 1.0 and 1.5 g/kg significantly improved the serum immune parameters (total Ig, lysozyme and ACH50). Dietary CA especially at 1.0 and 1.5 g/kg increased the intestinal IL-8 and TNF-α, while not affecting the expression of IL-1β and lysozyme gene. The highest and lowest mortality rates 14 days postchallenge with A. hydrophila were recorded in fish fed control and 1.5 g/kg CA, respectively. In conclusion, the oral administration of CA especially at 1 and 1.5 g/kg inclusion levels has the potential to improve growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune responses of common carp.
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DOI: 10.1111/anu.13220
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