review · Journal of Inorganic and Organometallic Polymers and Materials
Polymer nanocomposites offer strong potential across the electronics, biomedical, and aerospace sectors, but manufacturing flaws significantly impair device performance and reliability. Common defects such as induced porosity, particle agglomeration, and chemical impurities alter material structures, undermining essential electrical, mechanical, optical, and biomedical characteristics. In photovoltaic active cells, performance loss can be mitigated by optimising process settings, selecting suitable materials, and selectively modifying the molecular structures of organic semiconductors. In biomedical tissue engineering, problems such as incomplete nanoparticle solubility, inhomogeneous mixing, and impurities directly harm the cell proliferation capacity of biomimetic scaffolds. Similarly, structural aircraft components require strict avoidance of processing imperfections to maintain integrity. Identifying and resolving these synthesis and processing defects is essential to ensuring dependable real-world performance.
Polymer nanocomposites are crucial for developing advanced solar cells, medical tissue scaffolds, and aerospace components. However, microscopic flaws introduced during synthesis can undermine their strength, electrical conductivity, and biological compatibility. Understanding how these defects arise and how to prevent them helps ensure that high-performance materials perform safely and reliably in critical applications.
This review focuses on applications in photovoltaic cells, biomimetic medical scaffolds, and aircraft manufacturing. Manufacturers and device designers in electronics, regenerative medicine, and aerospace can use these insights to optimise synthesis parameters and material formulations. As this work is an analytical review of defect mechanisms and mitigation strategies rather than direct product testing, the findings represent early-stage guidance for refining fabrication processes before commercial production.
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Abstract Polymer nanocomposites are promising materials for various applications in the electronics, biomedicine, and aerospace industries. However, the fabrication errors or defects, e.g., induced porosity, significantly impact the performance and the reliability of devices fabricated from polymer nanocomposites. Hence, this study has comprehensively carried out an investigation into the effects of defects on the properties of photovoltaic active cells, biomimetic scaffold, and aircraft structures that are fabricated by using polymer nanocomposites. Agglomeration is another defect that degrades the intended properties of polymer nanocomposite devices. For photovoltaic devices, defects can be controlled by the selective modification of organic semiconductor molecular structures. In addition, proper optimization of the process parameters and the material selection, are effective approaches for obtaining excellent photovoltaic cells. Furthermore, the presence of impurities, a non-homogeneous mixture of organic and inorganic materials, and the incomplete solubility of nanoparticles, are detrimental factors that affect the cell proliferation performance of biomimetic scaffolds. These technological imperfections must be also avoided when producing parts for aircraft structures. In other words, impurities introduced during the synthesis or processing stages can lead to irregularities in the material structure, which often affect its mechanical, electrical, biomedical, and optical properties. The understanding and mitigating of these factors are crucial for the optimization of the properties and performance of polymer nanocomposites in various applications.
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DOI: 10.1007/s10904-024-03179-0
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