Effect of Abelmoschus esculentus L. (Okra) on Dyslipidemia: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Clinical Studies

Abstract

The global prevalence of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), including dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis, is rising. While pharmacological treatments for dyslipidemia and associated CVDs exist, not all individuals can afford them, and those who do often experience adverse side effects. Preclinical studies have indicated the potential benefits of <i>Abelmoschus esculentus</i> and its active phytochemicals in addressing dyslipidemia in rodent models of diabetes. However, there is limited clinical evidence on lipid parameters. Thus, this study aimed to assess the potential impact of <i>Abelmoschus esculentus</i> on dyslipidemia. A literature search was performed on PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane Library for relevant trials published from inception until 11 August 2024. Data analysis was performed using Jamovi software version 2.4.8 and Review Manager (version 5.4), with effect estimates reported as standardized mean differences (SMDs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). The evidence from eight studies with nine treatment arms showed that <i>Abelmoschus esculentus</i> reduces total cholesterol (TC), SMD = -0.53 (95% CI: -1.00 to -0.07), <i>p</i> = 0.025), compared to placebo. Additionally, triglyceride (TG) was reduced in <i>Abelmoschus esculentus</i> compared to placebo, SMD = -0.24 (95% CI: -0.46 to -0.02), <i>p</i> = 0.035. Furthermore, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) was also reduced, SMD = -0.35 (95% CI: -0.59 to -0.11), <i>p</i> = 0.004 in <i>Abelmoschus esculentus</i> versus placebo. This remedy substantially increased high-density lipoprotein (HDL), SMD = 0.34 (95% CI: 0.07 to 0.61), <i>p</i> = 0.014). <i>Abelmoschus esculentus</i> substantially improved lipid profile in prediabetes, T2D, obesity, and diabetic nephropathy. While the evidence confirms the potential benefits of <i>Abelmoschus esculentus</i> in reducing dyslipidemia, it is important for future clinical studies to standardize the effective dosage for more reliable results. Therefore, future trials should focus on these markers in well-designed trials with sufficient sample sizes. Furthermore, <i>Abelmoschus esculentus</i> can be supplemented to the diet of the relevant populations to alleviate dyslipidemia.