Ecological Implications of Fungicide Use in Rice Blast Control: A Review of International In Vivo Trials

Abstract

Rice blast, caused by Pyricularia oryzae, is one of the most damaging fungal diseases affecting rice production worldwide, with major implications for food security and agroecosystem stability. Chemical control, particularly the use of tricyclazole, has been widely adopted in many rice-growing regions due to its specific action on the pathogen’s melanin biosynthesis pathway. This review compiles and analyzes findings from in vivo field studies conducted in Asia, Africa, Europe, and Latin America to assess the agronomic efficacy, environmental risks, and sustainability of tricyclazole-based treatments. Results consistently show that tricyclazole provides effective protection against both leaf and panicle blast, contributing to improved plant health and enhanced grain yield. However, long-term reliance on this fungicide presents challenges, including the potential development of pathogen resistance, residue accumulation in rice grains and soil, and ecotoxicological impacts on non-target organisms in integrated rice–aquatic systems. The review emphasizes the importance of integrated disease management approaches that combine fungicides with genetic resistance, crop rotation, optimized fertilization, and ecological practices. Special attention is given to sustainability issues, highlighting the need for the rotation of active ingredients, residue monitoring, and ecological risk assessments. By providing a balanced perspective on both the benefits and limitations of tricyclazole, this paper supports more informed decisions in rice disease management and contributes to the transition toward more resilient and environmentally responsible agricultural systems.