Dynamic Interactions Between Economic Growth, Renewable Energy, and CO2 Emissions in Norway Using a Fourier-Augmented ARDL Model

Abstract

This study investigates the relationship between renewable energy consumption, technological innovation, economic growth, and CO2 emissions in Norway from 1990 to 2021 using the Fourier-Augmented ARDL model. The long-run results show that GDP growth increases emissions, while renewable energy and patent activity contribute to emissions reduction. In the short run, GDP significantly impacts emissions, whereas the effects of renewable energy and innovation are limited. These findings highlight the importance of sustained investments in green technologies and energy transition policies. The study provides new empirical evidence for the role of innovation and renewables in decarbonizing high-income economies