article · Arabian Journal of Chemistry
Hydroxyapatite doped with palladium ions was produced using a co-precipitation method to examine changes in its structure, dye removal capability, and antibacterial action. Incorporating palladium altered the crystal structure and reduced rod-shaped particle sizes from up to 110.3 nanometres down to 43.4 nanometres, whilst significantly increasing specific surface area and surface roughness. When evaluated against bacterial strains, the palladium-doped material showed enhanced antibacterial performance against both Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, creating clear inhibition zones compared to undoped samples. Additionally, testing with methylene blue dye revealed that the material achieved an 86.4 per cent removal efficiency after 120 minutes of irradiation at the highest palladium concentration. The material also demonstrated good recyclability across six reuse cycles, retaining most of its degradation efficiency.
Water contamination from industrial dyes and harmful bacteria poses dual environmental and public health hazards. Developing multifunctional materials that can simultaneously break down chemical pollutants under irradiation and suppress bacterial growth offers a promising strategy for water treatment. Demonstrating that palladium-doped hydroxyapatite achieves both functions while remaining recyclable after multiple cycles provides useful evidence for designing more effective environmental remediation agents.
The findings suggest potential applications in industrial wastewater treatment and environmental photocatalysis, particularly for operations treating dye-contaminated effluents or seeking integrated disinfection. Prospective users include water purification facilities and chemical processing plants. Based on the abstract, this research represents early-stage laboratory experimentation that has tested synthesis, dye breakdown, and antibacterial efficacy at bench scale, indicating that substantial development and scaled testing are required before commercial use.
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Hydroxyapatite (HAP) containing different contents of palladium (Pd) ions were synthesized using the co-precipitation method. The structural and morphological properties of the as-synthesized compositions were investigated using XRD and FESEM. The c/a increased from 0.728 to 0.733 with the lowest and highest contributions of Pd(II), respectively. Furthermore, the morphological features were investigated using FESEM. It was illustrated that Pd-HAP was formed as agglomerated as rod shapes with dimensions in the range of 63.4–110.3 nm for no Pd additions, and the size was reduced reaching 43.4–70.5 nm for the highest Pd contribution. Besides, the maximum height of the roughness (Rt) grew from 183.6 up to 236.5 nm for the lowest and highest Pd(II). Besides, the obtained specific surface area was around 28.3, 42.0, and 63.4 m2/g for 0.0Pd-HAP, 0.6Pd-HAP, and 1.0Pd-HAP, respectively. The antibacterial activity was examined against both Escherichia coli (E-coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), and it obvious that the activity was enhanced upon Pd content. The inhibition zone was increased from no sensitivity reaching 4.3 ± 0.9 and 4.5 ± 0.8 mm for no Pd and the highest one, respectively. The removal efficiency of dyes was examined for methylene blue (MB) and it was shown that after 120 min of irradiation, the removal efficiency reached around 86.4% for the highest contribution of Pd. The pseudo-first-order constant (Kapp) increased from 0.0032 to 0.0179 min−1. The recyclability of Pd-HAP denoted that removal efficiency decreased to 5.65, 8.14, 6.24, 8.76, and 10.2% for different contents of Pd(II) after 6 cycles.
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DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2020.09.049
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