Drivers of Land Use and Land Cover Change Around Mkomazi National Park and Its Conservation Implications

Abstract

Studies on land use and land cover change (LULCC) and their drivers are of great importance in promoting sustainable conservation of biodiversity. This study examined the extent, trends, and drivers of LULCC within and around Mkomazi National Park over a 30-yr period (1994–2023). Using remote sensing, geographic information systems (GIS), and supervised image classification techniques, changes in five land cover classes—vegetation, water, bare land, agricultural land, and settlements—were analyzed. Household survey, direct observation, focus group discussions, and key informant interviews were also conducted in the study area to identify human-induced drivers of LULCC. Results indicated significant changes in land use and land cover within the study area. Between 1994 and 2023, there was overall decrease in dense vegetation and water coverage, whereas agricultural land, bare land and settlements increased by varying percentages. Additionally, it was found that agriculture (67%), settlement expansion (20%), and population growth (13%) emerged as the primary drivers of LULCC patterns. The study emphasizes the need for integrated land-use planning, community engagement, and enforcement of conservation regulations. Strategies such as sustainable land management, habitat restoration, and awareness campaigns are essential to mitigate adverse LULCC impacts and to ensure the long-term conservation of biodiversity in and around Mkomazi National Park.