Dietary Supplementation of Brown Seaweed and/or Nucleotides Improved Shrimp Performance, Health Status and Cold-Tolerant Gene Expression of Juvenile Whiteleg Shrimp during the Winter Season

Abstract

This study was aimed to evaluate the efficiency of <i>Sargassum</i><i>polycystum</i> and nucleotides- supplemented diets to improve immune response and cold-tolerance of juvenile <i>Litopenaeus vannamei</i>. Four treatments were evaluated: T1, the control, shrimp received only a basal diet; T2, a basal diet with 500 ppm nucleotides; T3, a basal diet with 500 ppm <i>S.</i><i>polycystum</i> powdered; T4, a basal diet with 500 ppm nucleotides and 500 ppm <i>S.</i><i>polycystum</i> powdered. Shrimp were fed experimental diets for 56 days. Results revealed shrimp fed T4 diet exhibited the best significant improvement in water quality, survival, growth, and feed utilization indices followed by T2, and T3, while T1 showed the worst values. Additionally, nonspecific immune responses (phagocytosis (%), lysozyme, phenoloxidase, super oxide dismutase (SOD) activity, total nitric oxide) were improved with 1.7-3.2-fold in T4 higher than T1. Histomorphology of hepatopancreas in T4 showed the most increased activation of the hepatic glandular duct system compared with the other treatments. Moreover, nucleotides/seaweed-supplemented diets upregulated relative expression of <i>cMnSOD</i>, <i>Penaeidin4</i>, and heat shock protein70 (<i>HSP70</i>) genes, while translationally controlled tumor protein <i>(TCTP)</i> was downregulated. In conclusion, the synergistic effects of both <i>S. polycystum</i> and nucleotides have many advantages as a growth promoter, immunostimulant, antimicrobial, and cold-tolerant stimulant to <i>L. vannamei</i>.