Dietary Crude and Emulsified <i>Elaeis guineensis</i> Mesocarp Oil Improve Male Reproductive Health in Wistar Rats: A Phytotherapeutic Perspective

Abstract

Background Male infertility is an increasing global health concern. In African traditional medicine, red palm oil is used alone or with herbs or honey to enhance male fertility by improving sperm quality and libido. Its rich bioactive composition supports its therapeutic potential, yet its oily consistency may limit absorption and bioavailability. Aim of the Study This study evaluated the effects of crude palm oil (EGCMO) and its emulsified form (EGEMO) on male reproductive parameters in Wistar rats to validate their ethnomedicinal relevance and improve pharmacological applicability. Materials and Methods The antioxidant capacities (1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl [DPPH], 2,2′‐azinobis‐(3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid) [ABTS], and ferric reducing antioxidant power [FRAP]) and phenolic contents of EGCMO and EGEMO were determined in vitro. Male Wistar rats (10–12 weeks) received 1 or 2 mL/100 g body weight of EGCMO or EGEMO. Controls received distilled water, while a reference group received testosterone enanthate (4 mg/kg, intramuscular, every 3 days). Treatments lasted 30 or 60 days, after which reproductive organs and blood were analyzed for biochemical, hormonal, and histological parameters. Results EGCMO showed higher FRAP and EGEMO greater ABTS activity. EGCMO (2 mL/100 g) and both EGEMO doses significantly increased daily and total sperm production ( p &lt; 0.05) and improved sperm motility compared to controls and testosterone‐treated rats. EGEMO enhanced catalase (CAT) activity after 30 days, while EGCMO did so after 60 days, with no adverse lipid effects. Conclusions Both EGCMO and EGEMO improved male reproductive function, supporting the ethnomedicinal use of palm oil against infertility. The emulsified form enhanced efficacy and bioavailability, bridging traditional African remedies with modern nutraceutical innovation.