Dietary Combined Thyme Meal and Bacillus subtilis to Promote Growth Performance, Immune Function, Gene Expression, Antioxidant Defense, and Cecal Microbiota in Growing Rabbits Under Heat Stress Conditions

Abstract

This study investigates the nutritional effects of a thyme meal and <i>B. subtilis</i> mixture on growth performance, immune function, antioxidant capacity, gene expression, and gut microbiota in heat-stressed rabbits. One hundred and twenty male New Zealand White rabbits were divided into four dietary treatments (five replicates/group). The rabbits in the first group were fed a basal diet, while the other three groups were fed a basal diet containing <i>B. subtilis</i>, thyme meal, and their mixture, respectively. The <i>B. subtilis</i> and thyme meal mixture increases the heat-stressed rabbits' body weight gain and carcass weight, and enhances nutrient digestibility and the feed conversion ratio. Supplementing the CBT mixture improved the lipid profile and liver and kidney function via decreasing plasma triglycerides, cholesterol, LDL, creatinine, urea, and AST levels, while increasing total protein and albumin levels. Furthermore, the CBT mixture enhanced the immune response and oxidative stability by increasing IgA and IgG levels, GPx enzyme activity, and SOD, while decreasing plasma MDA content. Adding the CBT mixture enhanced gut health by reducing pathogens and inflammation, as well as increasing volatile fatty acid levels and the expression of CAT-1, MUC-2, and SGLT-1 genes. The combination of a thyme meal and <i>B. subtilis</i> enhanced growth, immune function, antioxidant capacity, gut microbiota modification, and the expression of gut health nutrient absorption-related genes in heat-stressed rabbits.