Development of Smart Energy Management Socket Using Real-Time Metering and Demand Response Control

Abstract

The need for energy conservation, management, control, and overload protection for optimal energy deployment and consumption in domestic, commercial, and industrial applications has necessitated the design of an energy supply system that can be controlled and monitored in real time from any location worldwide. The proposed system leverages an ESP32 Wi-Fi-enabled micro-controller integrated with the PZEM-004T sensor module to measure current, voltage, energy, power, frequency, and power factor. Each outlet is switched via a 2N2222A bipolar junction transistor driving individual relay channels that control AC supply to the connected loads. Parameters are monitored, controlled, and driven online through a Firebase Real-time Database web interface. Functional testing showed an average voltage measurement error of 0.14% over a 227 V-230 V range, an average current error of 1.18%, and a power measurement error of 2.11%. These negligible deviations confirm the accuracy, reliability, and suitability of the system for smart-home and industrial energy management applications.