article · Toxics
This study utilizes <i>Mentha piperita</i> (MI) for the first time to investigate the uptake and translocation of chlorpyrifos (CPF; 10 µg g<sup>-1</sup>) from soil, introducing a new approach to improve the efficacy of this technique, which includes using biosurfactants (<i>Bacillus subtilis</i> and <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>) at 10<sup>7</sup> CFU/mL to degrade CPF under greenhouse conditions. Moreover, antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (Prx), and oxidative stress due to hydrogen peroxide (H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in MI roots and leaves were evaluated under CPF stress. Our results demonstrated that amending soil with MI and <i>B. subtilis</i> followed by <i>P. aeruginosa</i> significantly reduced CPF levels in the soil (<i>p</i> > 0.05) and enhanced CPF concentrations in MI roots and leaves after 1, 3, 7, 10, and 14 days of the experiment. Furthermore, CPF showed its longest half-life (t<sub>1/2</sub>) in soil contaminated solely with CPF, lasting 15.36 days. Conversely, its shortest half-life occurred in soil contaminated with CPF and treated with MI along with <i>B. subtilis</i>, lasting 4.65 days. Soil contaminated with CPF and treated with MI and <i>P. aeruginosa</i> showed a half-life of 7.98 days. The half-life (t<sub>1/2</sub>) of CPF-contaminated soil with MI alone was 11.41 days. A batch equilibrium technique showed that <i>B. subtilis</i> is better than <i>P. aeruginosa</i> for eliminating CPF from soil in In vitro experiments. Notably, CPF-polluted soil treated with coadministration of MI and the tested bacteria improved the activities of SOD and Prx and reduced H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> and MDA compared with CPF-polluted soil treated with MI alone. Our findings demonstrated that using <i>B. subtilis</i> and <i>P. aeruginosa</i> as biosurfactants to augment phytoremediation represents a commendable strategy for enhancing the remediation of CPF contamination in affected sites while reducing the existence of harmful pesticide remnants in crop plants.
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DOI: 10.3390/toxics12060435
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