Comprehensive Modalities for Cataract Management: Preventive, Surgical, and Non-Surgical Approaches Using Conventional and Nanotechnology-Based Therapies

Abstract

Among ocular diseases, cataract are globally considered the primary cause of blindness. Cataract development is mainly attributed to oxidative stress, which damages epithelial lens proteins and lipids, resulting in clouding or opacification of the normally transparent lens and altering its refractive index. The widespread prevalence of environmental and pathological factors associated with increased cataract risk has heightened interest in innovative therapeutic strategies. Addressing the limitations of current pharmaceutical and surgical interventions is crucial, and the emergence of nanomedicine offers promising opportunities for more precise and effective treatment and prevention strategies compared to conventional methods. Due to their unique properties, nanoparticles have demonstrated significant potential in targeting biological systems and modulating critical physiological processes. This review highlights the potential of various traditional and nanotechnology-based therapeutic agents, including chemical compounds, antioxidants and herbal extracts showing anti-cataract activity both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, it explores the benefits and challenges associated with various ocular drug delivery routes for cataract treatment and prevention.