Comparative study of thermal response for tetra nanofluid through a vertically oriented needle device inspired by combined convection and porous media

Abstract

Investigation of thermal behaviour of tetra nanofluids is a rich research direction for enhanced thermal efficiency, optimizing the renewable energy systems by improving the fluid properties, and in heat exchangers for reducing energy consumption and operational costs. Additionally, the physical effects like magnetic field, combined convection, dissipation, Joule heating, porous matrix, and heating source are also help to optimize the performance. Thus, the study is performed for tetra nanofluid through an operational system of vertical thin needle under mentioned effects for assisting ([Formula: see text]), opposing ([Formula: see text] and forced convection ([Formula: see text] cases. The problem formation process completed with the help of similarity transforms and enhanced properties of tetra nanofluid and then bvp4c methodology exercised for the results. The study reveals that the velocity ratio and needle thickness minimize the temperature. Thus, designing of the device ([Formula: see text]) would help to maintain the temperature. Further, heat dissipation, heating source and magnetic field optimizing the efficiency at appropriate ranges. The transfer of heat at the needle's surface minimizes for opposing than forced convection and aiding cases. The shear drag can be minimized by solidification of [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] in the range of [Formula: see text]. The opposing cases provided optimum decline in the shear drag as compared to forced and assisting cases, respectively. Further, thermal conductivity varies from 1.0032 to 1.00379, from 1.00148 to 1.00177, from 1.00079 to 1.00094, from 1.00003 to 1.00018, under [Formula: see text] to [Formula: see text]. Further, the study would help to explore eco-friendly and stable nanofluid composites to enhance sustainability and the applications in industries, manufacturing and energy efficiency should be prioritized to accelerate theoretical outcomes into the real-world heat transfer issues.