Comparative Histological and Immunohistochemical Study of the Potential Protective Effects of Granulocyte Colony Stimulating Factor Versus Galangin on Induced Cardiac Toxicity in Adult Male Albino Rats

Abstract

Introduction: Cardiomyopathy, which is distinguished by biochemical and histological alterations, significantly contributes to worldwide mortality, particularly ventricular infarction.Objective: Is to assess histological alterations within the myocardium induced by Isoproterenol (ISP), and to explore the potential protective effects of Granulocyte Colony Stimulating Factor (G-CSF) versus Galangin.Material and Methods: Sixty-six adult male albino rats were randomly assigned to four groups. Group I, control group (n=18), Group II: (n=16), received isoproterenol at a daily dose of 5mg/kg for 14 days; Group III (n=16) received Isoproterenol as in group II and G-CSF (at a dose of 10 μg/kg/day SC) for 6 days; and Group IV (n=16), received isoproterenol as in group II and Galangin at a dose of 1mg/kg for a duration of 4 weeks. At the end of the experiment, the animals were given anesthesia, euthanized, and cardiac samples were obtained for histological, immunohistochemical, and electron microscopic analysis.Results: ISP treated group exhibited elevated concentrations of cardiac enzymes, specifically lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase MB isoenzyme (CK-MB), and cardiac troponin (cTn I). Additionally, a reduction in levels of antioxidant enzymes, including glutathione, SOD, and catalase was observed. Histological results included loss of myofibril bands, dark stained pyknotic nuclei, cellular infiltration, and extensive hemorrhage within widened endomysium. It also revealed increased area percentage of collagen, TNF-α, VEGF, and Caspase-3. Furthermore, ultrastructural observations revealed myofibril band disruption and fragmentation, swollen mitochondria and cracked Z-lines. These findings were ameliorated in group III and group IV but, the concurrent treatment of Granulocyte Colony Stimulating Factor (G-CSF) resulted in significantly more heart tissue preservation compared to Galangin.Conclusion: G-CSF exhibits markedly more protective effect on cardiac tissue compared to Galangin on induced myocardial damage. More researches are needed to determine the protective effects and optimal dosage of G-CSF and galangin on humans to achieve greater efficacy.